Tianjins urban population is the 4th largest in China, coming in behind Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. Before Tianjin, fifteen ports including Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Shanghai, and Nanjing had been opened as "treaty ports" to foreign trade and residence as a result of the Western . . Kunming. One of the most important of the "unequal treaties," the Treaty of Tianjin developed as an outcome of the Second Opium War (1856-1860) and greatly expanded foreign rights and foreign control over the China coast. Congress of Berlin - 1878, revised San Stefano; led by von Bismarck. If he be without a passport, or if he commit any offence against the law, he shall be handed over to the nearest consul for punishment, but he must not be subjected to any ill-usage in excess of necessary restraint. ; China and the United States concluded the Burlingame Seward Treaty in 1868 to expand upon the Treaty of Tianjin of 1858.; In 1858, the Qing Dynasty lost the Second Opium War to the French-British and signed the Treaties of Tianjin. It is further agreed that her Majesty's Government may acquire at Beijing a site for building, or may hire Houses for the accommodation of her Majesty's mission, and that the Chinese Government will assist it in so doing. Arrow . In order to perpetuate friendship, on the exchange of ratifications by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, and by His Majesty the Emperor of China, this treaty shall be kept and sacredly guarded in this way, viz: The original treaty, as ratified by the President of the United States, shall . Hostilities were resumed in Tianjin in 1860, and the city was shelled by the British and French; the Convention of Beijing then declared Tianjin an open trading port. The Treaty of Tientsin (Chinese: ), signed on June 9, 1885, officially ended the Sino-French War. Even though the Treaty Port system ended in 1943, Port Arthur (Lshun) was only relinquished . Treaties, East Asia and the Pacific | Encyclopedia.com In addition to the Cities and Towns of Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai, opened by the Treaty of Nanjing, it is agreed that British subjects may frequent the Cities and Ports of Niuzhuang, Deng- zhou, Taiwan, Chaozhou, and Qiongzhou. Treaties signed with the Chinese in the 1840s gave the British Hong Kong and allowed them to live and trade in several other Chinese 'treaty' ports. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government. This treaty was quickly followed by similar unequal agreements with the US and Russia. This, and other treaties like it, helped to erode . Living conditions for the Chinese were in sharp contrast to those in the spacious, well-tended European quarters that were distributed to the southeast and along the riverbanks.

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